Category: Recalls

  • Diamond G Forest Products Recalls Turpentine Bottles Due to Risk of Serious Injury or Death from Child Poisoning; Violates Mandatory Standard for Child Resistant Packaging

    Recall Date: July 24, 2025

    Recall number: 25-397

    Recall Summary

    Name of Product: Georgia Pine Gum Spirits of Turpentine Bottles

    Hazard: The bottles contain turpentine, which must be in child-resistant packaging as required by the Poison Prevention Packaging Act. The packaging is not child-resistant, posing a risk of serious injury or death from poisoning if the contents are ingested by young children.

    Remedy: Replace

    Consumer Contact: Diamond G Forest Products at 912-647-7463 from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. ET Monday through Friday, email at diamondgforestproducts@hotmail.com, or online at www.diamondgforestproducts.com/recall-information or at www.diamondgforestproducts.com and click “Recall” in the dropdown menu for more information.

    Pictures available here: https://www.cpsc.gov/Recalls/2025/Diamond-G-Forest-Products-Recalls-Turpentine-Bottles-Due-to-Risk-of-Serious-Injury-or-Death-from-Child-Poisoning-Violates-Mandatory-Standard-for-Child-Resistant-Packaging

    Recall Details

    Units: About 20,000

    Description: This recall involves 100% pure gum spirits of turpentine bottles. The 4-ounce, clear glass bottles are round and have a label with “Georgia Pine Gum Spirits of Turpentine” and “Diamond G Forest Products” printed on it.

    Remedy: Consumers should immediately secure the recalled turpentine bottles out of the sight and reach of children and contact Diamond G Forest Products for information on how to obtain a free replacement child-resistant closure. 

    Incidents/Injuries: None reported

    Sold At: Nature’s Corner Market stores in Marietta, Georgia; Cornerstone Retreat stores in Gap, Pennsylvania; Nickel Mine Health Foods stores in Paradise, Pennsylvania; Leaves of The Trees in Memphis, Tennessee; Country Boy’s Mini Mall in Bristol, Georgia and online at Amazon from January 2021 through April 2025 for about $17.

    Manufacturer(s): Diamond G Forest Products LLC, of Patterson, Georgia

    Manufactured In: United States

    Note: Individual Commissioners may have statements related to this topic.  Please visit www.cpsc.gov/commissioners to search for statements related to this or other topics.

  • Bestway, Intex, and Polygroup Recall Certain Above-Ground Pools 48-Inches and Taller Due to Drowning Hazard; Nine Deaths Reported; Five Million Pools Sold Since 2002

    Recall Date: July 21, 2025

    Recall number: 25-393

    Recall Summary

    Name of Product: 48-inch and taller above-ground pools with compression straps running on the outside and over the vertical support legs

    Hazard: The compression strap that surrounds the outside of the pool legs may create a foothold, allowing a child access to the pool, posing a drowning risk.

    Remedy: Repair

    Consumer Contact: Bestway toll free at 844-593-4003 from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. ET Monday through Friday, or online at https://BWrecallsupport.expertinquiry.com or email at BWrecallsupport5516@sedgwick.com for more information.

    Intex toll-free at 800-549-8829 from 8:30 a.m. to 5 p.m. PTMonday through Friday, or online at www.Intexcorp.com/recall or email recallhelp@intexcorp.com  for more information. 

    Polygroup toll-free at 888-621-4137 from 5 a.m. to 11 p.m. MT Monday through Friday or online at https://polygrouprecall.com or email at poolrecall@polygroup.com for more information.

    Pictures available here: https://www.cpsc.gov/Recalls/2025/Bestway-Intex-and-Polygroup-Recall-Certain-Above-Ground-Pools-48-Inches-and-Taller-Due-to-Drowning-Hazard-Nine-Deaths-Reported-Five-Million-Pools-Sold-Since-2002

    Recall Details

    Description: 
    Washington, D.C. — The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) and Bestway (Hong Kong) International Ltd. (China) and Bestway (USA) Inc. (Chandler, Arizona) (Bestway), Intex Recreation Corp. (Long Beach, California) and Polygroup North America Inc.  (El Paso, Texas) are announcing the recall of about 5 million 48-inch and taller above-ground pools that use compression straps. These straps wrap around the pool on the outside of the supporting poles, and may create a foothold, allowing a child to access the pool and drown.

    Children can still gain access to the pools using these footholds even if the ladder is removed. 

    CPSC believes that nine children between the ages of 22 months and 3 years old have drowned after gaining access to the pools via the footholds. The incidents occurred in California, Texas, Florida, Michigan, Wisconsin and Missouri between 2007 and 2022. 

    CPSC is also aware of three other incidents in 2011 and 2012 where children who gained access to the recalled pools were reported to have previously used the compression strap to gain entry to the pool.

    Consumers should immediately contact Bestway, Intex, and Polygroup to receive a free repair kit consisting of a rope that attaches to each of the vertical support poles at the ground level and wraps around the pool. The rope will maintain the structural integrity of the pool (a function previously served by the compression strap). Consumers should first secure the repair and then cut and remove the compression strap from the pool. 

    The pool brand names and model numbers are printed on the pool liner on the outside of the pool. Pool models of 48 inches and taller that are included in this recall are listed below:

    Bestway and Coleman ModelsSold 2008 to 2024Intex ModelsSold 2002 to 2012Intex Models (Sold only at Intexcorp.com and Walmart, 2024 to 2025)(266 pools)Polygroup ModelsSold 2006 to 2025
    Power SteelMetal Frame PoolsPrism Frame Pool  Summer Waves(2015-2025)
    Steel ProUltra Frame Pools Ultra XTR Frame PoolSummer Escapes (2006-2015) 
    Coleman Power Steel   Funsicle(2023-2025) Sand n Sun(2008-2011)Blue Wave(2014-2025)

    The recalled above-ground pools have been sold since 2002 at stores nationwide, including Walmart, Target, Sears, Lowe’s, Kmart, Toys “R” Us, Sam’s Club, The Home Depot, Big Lots, Costco and BJ’s (among others), as well as online at Amazon.com, Wayfair.com and Bestway USA, Intex, Funsicle and Summer Waves websites.

    The recalled above-ground pools were manufactured in China. The recalled pools range in price from approximately $400 to over $1,000, depending on the size and model of the pool and the additional accessories purchased. In addition, approximately 266,000 were sold in Canada.

    CPSC’s website www.PoolSafely.gov has free, downloadable educational materials available to the public on pool safety including information on barriers, covers, alarms and other safety information.

    Remedy: Consumers should contact Bestway, Intex or Polygroup to request a repair kit. In the interim consumers should ensure that children cannot access the pool unattended or, alternatively, drain the pool until the repair can be installed.

    Incidents/Injuries: CPSC believes that nine children between the ages of 22 months and 3 years old have drowned after gaining access to the pools via the footholds. The incidents occurred in California, Texas, Florida, Michigan, Wisconsin and Missouri between 2007 and 2022.

    Sold At: The recalled above-ground pools have been sold since 2002 at stores nationwide, including Walmart, Target, Sears, Lowe’s, Kmart, Toys “R” Us, Sam’s Club, The Home Depot, Big Lots, Costco and BJ’s (among others), as well as online at Amazon.com, Wayfair.com and Bestway USA, Intex, Funsicle and Summer Waves websites.

    Note: Individual Commissioners may have statements related to this topic.  Please visit www.cpsc.gov/commissioners to search for statements related to this or other topics.

  • CPSC Warns Consumers to Immediately Stop Using Mad Rabbit “RELIEVE” Lidocaine Numbing Cream Due to Risk of Serious Injury or Death to Young Children from Poisoning; Violates the Mandatory Standard for Child-Resistant Packaging

    Product Safety Warning Date: July 17, 2025

    Product Safety Warning Number: 25-386

    Name of Product: Mad Rabbit’s “RELIEVE” Lidocaine Numbing Cream

    Hazard: The numbing creams contain more than 5 milligrams of lidocaine and do not come in child-resistant packaging, in violation of the Poison Prevention Packaging Act, posing a deadly risk of poisoning to young children.

    Consumer Action: CPSC urges consumers to immediately secure the numbing creams out of sight and reach of children and dispose of them.

    Pictures available here: https://www.cpsc.gov/Warnings/2025/CPSC-Warns-Consumers-to-Immediately-Stop-Using-Mad-Rabbit-RELIEVE-Lidocaine-Numbing-Cream-Due-to-Risk-of-Serious-Injury-or-Death-to-Young-Children-from-Poisoning-Violates-the-Mandatory-Standard-for-Child-Resistant-Packaging

    Product Safety Warning Details

    Description: WASHINGTON, D.C. – The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) is warning consumers to immediately stop using Mad Rabbit’s “RELIEVE” Lidocaine Numbing Cream. The numbing creams contain more than 5 milligrams of lidocaine and do not come in child-resistant packaging, in violation of the Poison Prevention Packaging Act, posing a deadly risk of poisoning to young children.

    CPSC issued a Notice of Violation to the seller, Mad Rabbit, of Chagrin Falls, Ohio. Mad Rabbit has not agreed to recall these numbing creams or offer a remedy to consumers. 

    The numbing creams are sold online at madrabbit.com for about $26. The numbing cream comes in a short wide-mouthed white container with black lettering and “RELIEVE” in large type and the company’s logo and “Mad Rabbit”, “Numbing Cream” and “Menthol” in smaller type.

    CPSC is aware the firm may have also sold the “RELIEVE” numbing cream as part of its “Everything Tattoo Kit” for a total cost of $125. 

    These products were manufactured in the United States.

    CPSC urges consumers to immediately secure the numbing creams out of sight and reach of children and dispose of them

    Sold At: The numbing creams are sold online at madrabbit.com for about $26. CPSC is aware the firm may have also sold the “RELIEVE” numbing cream as part of its “Everything Tattoo Kit” for a total cost of $125.

    Seller: Mad Rabbit, of Chagrin Falls, Ohio

    Manufactured In: United States

    If you experienced a safety incident with this product, report it to CPSC on  www.SaferProducts.gov.

    Individual Commissioners may have statements related to this topic.  Please visit www.cpsc.gov/commissioners to search for statements related to this or other topics.

  • Primark Recalls DTR Stitch 4-pack Scented Highlighters Due to Risk of Phthalate Exposure; Violates Federal Phthalates Ban; Sold by Primark

    Recall Date: July 17, 2025

    Recall number: 25-388

    Recall Summary

    Name of Product: Primark DTR (direct-to-retail) Stitch Scented Highlighters (4-pack)

    Hazard: The scented highlighters, which resemble cups with straws, contain phthalates; a violation of the federal phthalates ban. Phthalates are toxic if ingested by young children and can cause adverse health effects.

    Remedy: Refund

    Consumer Contact: Primark at 617-946-3236 from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. ET Monday through Friday, or online at www.primark.com/recall or at www.primark.com and click “Recall” at the bottom of the page for more information.

    Pictures available here: https://www.cpsc.gov/Recalls/2025/Primark-Recalls-DTR-Stitch-4-pack-Scented-Highlighters-Due-to-Risk-of-Phthalate-Exposure-Violates-Federal-Phthalates-Ban-Sold-by-Primark

    Recall Details

    Units: About 2,600

    Description: This recall involves the DTR Stitch Scented Highlighters 4-pack in yellow, blue, pink and green colors. The highlighters are shaped like slushie containers with a drinking straw. Each highlighter portrays a Stitch character. The product’s Kimball Number is 0688701 and can be found on the price tag located at the back of the packaging. 

    Remedy: Consumers should immediately stop using the recalled scented highlighters and return them to a Primark store for a full refund in the form of the original payment. 

    Incidents/Injuries: None reported

    Sold At: Primark stores located in the northeast and in Florida, Maryland and Illinois from May 2024 through May 2025 for $5.

    Importer(s): Primark US Corp., of Boston, Massachusetts

    Manufactured In: China

    Note: Individual Commissioners may have statements related to this topic.  Please visit www.cpsc.gov/commissioners to search for statements related to this or other topics.

  • Creekliybear Play Yard Mattresses Recalled Due to Risk of Serious Injury or Death from Entrapment Hazard; Violates Mandatory Standard for Crib Mattresses; Sold on Amazon by Kbabyea

    Recall Date: July 10, 2025

    Recall number: 25-379

    Recall Summary

    Name of Product: Creekliybear “Pack and Play” Aftermarket Play Yard Mattresses

    Hazard: The aftermarket play yard mattresses violate the mandatory standard for crib mattresses as the mattresses exceed thickness requirements and may not adequately fit certain play yards, posing a deadly entrapment hazard.  Babies can suffocate in gaps between an undersized mattress, or extra padding, and side walls of a product, especially when the infant’s face becomes trapped against the side and the mattress, preventing the infant from breathing.

    Remedy: Refund

    Consumer Contact: Kbabyea via email at Kbabyearecall@outlook.com.

    Pictures available here: https://www.cpsc.gov/Recalls/2025/Creekliybear-Play-Yard-Mattresses-Recalled-Due-to-Risk-of-Serious-Injury-or-Death-from-Entrapment-Hazard-Violates-Mandatory-Standard-for-Crib-Mattresses-Sold-on-Amazon-by-Kbabyea

    Recall Details

    Units: About 21,500

    Description: This recall involves Creekliybear “Pack and Play” Aftermarket Play Yard Mattresses. The mattresses are white with grey striping and have “Play Mat” and “Model: m-sy2” printed on labels attached to the mattresses. The mattresses measure about 26 inches wide and 38 inches long.

    Remedy: Consumers should immediately stop using the mattresses and contact Kbabyea for a full refund. Consumers should cut the mattresses in half and send a photo of the cut-mattress in the waste bin to Kbabyearecall@outlook.com to receive a full refund.

    Incidents/Injuries: None reported.

    Sold At: Online on Amazon from December 2024 to June 2025 for between $28 and $40.

    Importer(s): Zhongshan Hongtu Furniture Co., dba Kbabyea, of China

    Manufactured In: China

    Note: Individual Commissioners may have statements related to this topic.  Please visit www.cpsc.gov/commissioners to search for statements related to this or other topics.

  • SNLN Party Supply Toys Recalled Due to Ingestion Hazard; Risk of Serious Injury or Death; Federal Toy Standard Violation; Sold Exclusively on Amazon by Yiwu Dixikeji Douxiangongsi

    Recall Date: July 03, 2025

    Recall number: 25-372

    Recall Summary

    Name of Product: SNLN Party Supply Toys

    Hazard: The recalled party supply toys violate the mandatory standard for toys containing button cell batteries because the compartment that holds the batteries can be easily accessed and opened by children, posing a deadly ingestion hazard to children.

    When button cell or coin batteries are swallowed, the ingested batteries can cause serious injuries, internal chemical burns and death.

    Remedy: Refund

    Consumer Contact: Yiwu Dixikeji Douxiangongsi via email at dixikeji@gmail.com.

    Pictures available here: https://www.cpsc.gov/Recalls/2025/SNLN-Party-Supply-Toys-Recalled-Due-to-Ingestion-Hazard-Risk-of-Serious-Injury-or-Death-Federal-Toy-Standard-Violation-Sold-Exclusively-on-Amazon-by-Yiwu-Dixikeji-Douxiangongsi

    Recall Details

    Units: About 790

    Description: This recall involves SNLN Party Supply Toys which include three bunny ears, three cat ears, twelve party glasses, 100-piece glow bracelets, eight light-up mini flashlights, four light-up rings, six butterfly clips and a sticker book. The products come in red, blue, green, yellow, white and pink.

    Remedy: Consumers should immediately stop using the recalled party supply toys and take them away from children. Contact Yiwu Dixikeji Douxiangongsi for a full refund. To receive a refund, consumers should send a photo of the recalled toys being disposed of in the trash by email at dixikeji@gmail.com. Yiwu Dixikeji Douxiangongsi and Amazon are contacting all known purchasers directly.

    Note: Button cell and coin batteries are hazardous. Batteries should be disposed of or recycled by following local hazardous waste procedures.

    Incidents/Injuries: None reported

    Sold Exclusively Online: Amazon from January 2025 through May 2025 for about $22.

    Retailer: Yiwu Dixikeji Douxiangongsi, of China

    Manufactured In: China

    Note: Individual Commissioners may have statements related to this topic.  Please visit www.cpsc.gov/commissioners to search for statements related to this or other topics.

  • Missing Instruction Manual/FMVSS 213

    Date: June 18, 2025

    Problem: A child seat with an incorrect instruction manual may result in improper installation and an improperly restrained child, which can increase the risk of injury in a crash.

    NHTSA Campaign Number: 25C008000

    Manufacturer: Evenflo Company, Inc.

    Components: CHILD SEAT, EQUIPMENT

    Potential Number of Units Affected: 36694

    Summary:

    Evenflo Company, Inc. (Evenflo) is recalling certain Titan 65 child seats with model number 3712198 manufactured between March 17, 2025 and May 1, 2025. The child seat may have been packaged with an incorrect instruction manual. As such, these child seats and travel systems fail to comply with the requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard number 213, “Child Restraint Systems.”

    Remedy:

    Evenflo will mail owners information on how to inspect and replace the instruction manual, free of charge. Owner notification letters are expected to be mailed July 15, 2025. Owners may contact Evenflo customer service at 1-800-233-5921.

    Notes:

    Products Affected: (1)

    Child Seat

    EVENFLOTITAN 659999

    Associated Documents (3):

    Recall 573 Report – June 23, 2025
    RCLRPT-25C008-8157.pdf 0.374KB
    https://static.nhtsa.gov/odi/rcl/2025/RCLRPT-25C008-8157.pdf

    Recall 573 Report
    RCLRPT-25C008-3149.pdf 0.374KB
    https://static.nhtsa.gov/odi/rcl/2025/RCLRPT-25C008-3149.pdf

    RCAK – Recall Acknowledgement
    RCAK-25C008-0812.pdf 0.321KB
    https://static.nhtsa.gov/odi/rcl/2025/RCAK-25C008-0812.pdf

  • Endless Pools Recalls Manual Retractable Pool Covers Due to Drowning and Entrapment Hazards; Risk of Serious Injury and Death

    Recall Date: June 12, 2025

    Recall number: 25-339

    Recall Summary

    Name of Product: Manual Retractable Security Pool Covers

    Hazard: The recalled pool covers can leave a gap of more than 4.5 inches between the cover roller and the pool surface, when installed incorrectly by the installer. An improper installation can result in the covers not conforming to the voluntary industry standard, ASTM F-1346, posing drowning and entrapment hazards to children that could result in serious injury or death.

    Remedy: Repair

    Consumer Contact: Endless Pools toll-free at 800-910-2714 from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. ET Monday through Friday, by email at poolhelp@endlesspools.com, or online at https://myendlesspool.com/s/support/product-recalls or https://myendlesspool.com/s/ and click on “Product Recalls” at the bottom of the page.

    Pictures available here: https://www.cpsc.gov/Recalls/2025/Endless-Pools-Recalls-Manual-Retractable-Pool-Covers-Due-to-Drowning-and-Entrapment-Hazards-Risk-of-Serious-Injury-and-Death

    Recall Details

    Units: About 11,500 (In addition, about 480 were sold in Canada)

    Description: This recall involves Endless Pools Manual Retractable Security Pool Covers. The pool cover system includes a hand crank mechanism that allows the user to cover and uncover their custom Endless Pool. The covers were sold in various colors, including tan, black, gray, light blue and royal blue, and vary in sizes based on the customized size of the pools, from 8 feet to 16 feet wide.

    Remedy: Pool owners and operators should immediately contact Endless Pools for a free inspection and a free repair by an Endless Pools support services representative. Endless Pools will inspect the pool covers and send out a service representative to remedy any entrapment and drowning risks posed by improper installation. Pool owners and operators should not allow children to use or access the pool or pool cover unsupervised. Until the repair for the pool cover is completed, keep children away from the pool cover when closed. To prevent serious injury or death due to entrapment under the pool cover, do not allow anyone — especially children — to sit, stand, or jump on the pool cover at any time. Endless Pools is contacting all known purchasers directly.

    Incidents/Injuries: None reported

    Sold At: Endless Pools and authorized dealers nationwide and online at www.endlesspools.com from January 1994 through December 2024 for between $1,000 and $2,200.

    Manufacturer(s): Endless Pools, of Aston, Pennsylvania

    Manufactured In: United States

    Note: Individual Commissioners may have statements related to this topic.  Please visit www.cpsc.gov/commissioners to search for statements related to this or other topics.

  • Bugaboo North America Recalls Giraffe High Chairs Due to Risk of Serious Injury or Death from Fall Hazard

    Recall Date: June 12, 2025

    Recall number: 25-336

    Recall Summary

    Name of Product: Giraffe highchairs

    Hazard: The highchairs pose a fall hazard and risk of serious injury or death to babies because the legs of the chair can detach from the frame if the screws connecting the legs are not properly tightened during assembly.

    Remedy: Repair

    Consumer Contact: Bugaboo Service Team toll-free at 800-460-2922 from 7 a.m. to 4 p.m. PT Monday through Thursday and from 7 a.m. to 1 p.m. PT Friday, by email at service.us@bugaboo.com, or online at https://service.bugaboo.com/s/bugaboo-giraffe-recall-repair-kit-checker?language=en_US&Country=US or www.bugaboo.com and click on “Product Recalls” at the bottom of the page for more information.

    Pictures available here: https://www.cpsc.gov/Recalls/2025/Bugaboo-North-America-Recalls-Giraffe-High-Chairs-Due-to-Risk-of-Serious-Injury-or-Death-from-Fall-Hazard

    Recall Details

    Units: About 18,280 (In addition, about 2,325 were sold in Canada)

    Description: This recall involves Bugaboo Giraffe highchairs. The highchairs measure about 30 inches tall, 21 inches wide and 23 inches long. The highchairs were sold in blue, black, natural wood/white, warm wood/gray and white with the item codes listed below. The item codes are located on the bottom of the seat.

    ColorItem Code
    Blue200008005
    Black200008004
    Neutral Wood/White200008002
    Warm Wood/Gray200008003
    White200008001

    Remedy: Consumers should immediately stop using the recalled highchairs and contact Bugaboo to receive a free repair kit including an Allen key and new screws to install into the product’s legs. Bugaboo is contacting all known purchasers directly.

    Incidents/Injuries: The firm has received 22 reports of the legs of the chair detaching, including 13 reports of minor injuries.

    Sold At: Nordstrom and other specialty stores nationwide and online at www.bugaboo.com and www.Amazon.com from May 2023 through April 2025 for about $380.

    Importer(s): Bugaboo North America Inc., of New York

    Manufactured In: Czech Republic

    Note: Individual Commissioners may have statements related to this topic.  Please visit www.cpsc.gov/commissioners to search for statements related to this or other topics.

  • Sivan Dressers Recalled Due to Risk of Serious Injury or Death from Tip-Over and Entrapment Hazards; Multiple Violations of Federal Regulations for Clothing Storage Units; Sold on Wayfair.com by Anji Guyou Furniture

    Recall Date: May 22, 2025

    Recall number: 25-293

    Recall Summary

    Name of Product: Sivan Six-Drawer Double Dressers

    Hazard: The recalled dressers are unstable if they are not anchored to the wall, posing serious tip-over and entrapment hazards that can result in injuries or death to children. The dressers violate the performance requirements of the STURDY Act because they can tip over with fewer than 60 pounds applied horizontally, and the dressers also fail to meet the labeling requirements of the STURDY Act.

    Remedy: Refund

    Consumer Contact: Anji Guyou Furniture by email at guyouproductrecall@163.com.

    Pictures available here: https://www.cpsc.gov/Recalls/2025/Sivan-Dressers-Recalled-Due-to-Risk-of-Serious-Injury-or-Death-from-Tip-Over-and-Entrapment-Hazards

    Recall Details

    Units: About 170

    Description: This recall involves Sivan Dressers. The six-drawer double dressers measure approximately 31 inches tall, 47 inches wide and 16 inches deep. They were sold in natural oak and black colors. The model number Y-C51 is located on the packaging label.

    Remedy: Consumers should immediately stop using the recalled dressers if they are not anchored to a wall and place them in an area that children cannot access. Consumers can contact Anji Guyou Furniture for instructions on how to dispose of the dressers to receive a full refund. Consumers must email a photo showing disposal of the product to guyouproductrecall@163.com. Anji Guyou Furniture and Wayfair are also contacting all known purchasers directly.

    Incidents/Injuries: None reported

    Sold At: Wayfair.com from May 2024 through March 2025 for between $285 and $294.

    Retailer: Anji Guyou Furniture Co. Ltd., of China

    Manufactured In: China

    Note: Individual Commissioners may have statements related to this topic.  Please visit www.cpsc.gov/commissioners to search for statements related to this or other topics.